Pii: S1366-5545(98)00019-2
نویسنده
چکیده
There are many studies on the Area Licensing Scheme in Singapore. One of the debatable issues is whether or not the congestion toll of $3 is too high. The main objective of this paper is to develop a simple method for estimating the congestion toll by directly using the commonly available trac count data. In our sensitivity analysis, we use three dierent scenarios on the choice of the value of travel time savings and four dierent measures of average wage rates (the national average wage rate the average wage rate for car owners with or without taking into consideration of employment bene®ts, and the average wage rate per car derived from the average occupancy per car). The sensitivity analyses led to a general conclusion that by 1990, the $3 fee was not too high. We also highlight the fact that it is possible to iterate to the optimal congestion toll by comparing the theoretical congestion toll with the actual toll even when the demand curve is unknown. # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
منابع مشابه
Pii: S1366-5545(99)00007-1
Compared with technical research on ships, there is lack of systematic data and research on maritime labour, their number, education and manning eciency. Due to the high mobility of the profession and complication of jurisdictions, there is no exact ®gure of the number of seamen worldwide. This paper establishes a method to estimate maritime labour worldwide as well as on open-registry ̄eets. ...
متن کاملPii: S1366-5545(99)00033-2
This paper extends previous works that view transit systems as minimizing their after-subsidy costs. The paper uses the expense preference behavior model in economics and derives ®rst-order conditions for the manager. From the ®rst-order conditions, the paper formally shows that the decomposition of relative price ineciency between management behavior and subsidies found in the work of Sakano ...
متن کاملPii: S1366-5545(99)00002-2
By examining 20 years data, the paper attempts to outline the safety and quality records of open registers, and to establish a relationship of accidental total loss rate with ship quality factors, e.g., certi®cate, crew performance and equipment indicated by detention rates. It con®rms that loss rate, detention rate and age of ships are highly correlated with each other. It shows that the loss ...
متن کاملPii: S1366-5545(98)00025-8
Recent research has found that the entrance of a low cost carrier leads to lower prices on routes it has entered. This paper extends this analysis by examining the impact of route entry by a discount carrier, ValuJet into an established carrier's hub, Delta, and by examining price changes on routes not entered by the low cost carrier. We found that Delta lowered its fares on competitive routes ...
متن کاملPii: S1366-5545(99)00010-1
This paper uses the implications of Samuelson's spatial equilibrium model to analyze transportation rates for steam coal delivered to electric utilities in the United States. The analysis indicates that transportation rates declined in every year but two since railroads were substantially deregulated in 1980. While some utilities may have experienced some rate increases, coal-®red electric util...
متن کامل